Issue #3 The Buddy System – Animals and Plants that Cooperate
Our Special Friendships with Animals
Photo Credits
cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Kay-africa. (2011, Apr 23)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flightless_Dung_Beetle_Circellium_Bachuss,_Addo_Elephant_National_Park,_South_Africa.JPG
cc licensed flickr photo by Adam Gerritsma (2011, July 25)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/28894127@N04/6026474663/
cc licensed flickr photo by Camelia TWU (2009, Aug 22)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/cameliatwu/3846420337/lightbox/
cc licensed flickr photo by Jason (2006, May 23)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/60844215@N00/152042912/
cc licensed flickr photo by Danny Perez (2007, Oct 6)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/66238250@N00/1512796328/
Public domain image by Zachary Wolf. (2009, Jan 30)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Langley_therapy_dog.jpg
cc licensed flickr photo by Alberto Martinez Subtil (2002, May 9)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/17429239@N00/172204358/
cc licensed flickr photo by Jimee, Jackie, Tom & Asha (2008, Nov 11)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/64226949@N00/3026588853/>
cc licensed flickr photo by State Farm (2012, Jul 23)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/40567541@N08/7645590762/>
cc licensed flickr photo by Peter Steward (2011, May 2)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/101709991@N06/10058046956/in/photolist-gjN7WG-diLC9n-f9PggH-9K71t5-cVuNrm-bbr1X8-bbsGb2>
cc licensed flickr photo by calafellvalo (2008, Sep 10)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/33818912@N00/2860952642/>
cc licensed flickr photo by TEDxRotterdam (2010, Jun 4)>
http://www.flickr.com/photos/tedxrotterdam/4671483960/>
cc Attribution-Share Alive 3.0 Unported license, by "From One to Another." (2009, Jan 29)>
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HeroRAT_finds_mine.jpg>
Public domain image by "Gooutside" (2009, Oct 5)>
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Food_Reward.JPG>
Video Credits
Weetjens, Bart. (2010, Dec 2) "Bart Weetjens: How I taught rats to sniff out land mines."
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IRv3TOjE1I
Research Credits
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (2012) "Beetles Help Degrade Dung on Canadian Pastures."
http://www.farmwest.com/sites/default/files/images/ads/Dung%20beetle%20factsheet%20%28english%29.pdf
Animalwise. "Show Me the Honey! Honeyguides and Humans Team Up at Dinnertime.">
http://animalwise.org/2012/01/12/show-me-the-honey-honeyguides-and-humans-team-up-at-dinnertime/
Ashoka Innovators for the Public. "Bart Weetjens."
https://www.ashoka.org/fellow/bart-weetjens
Barksdale, Martha. "10 Most Important Insects in the World."
http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/10-most-important-insects.htm
Blocksdorf, Katherine. "Understanding How Your Horse Sees."
http://horses.about.com/od/understandinghorses/a/Understanding-How-Your-Horse-Sees.htm
Down the Garden Path. (2010, Jul 6) "Identifying Garden Pests and Bugs in Ontario."
http://tgcgarden.wordpress.com/2010/07/06/iding-garden-pests-in-ontario/
Huff Post Good News. "Cat Saves Owner’s Life Just Hours After Being Adopted."
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/22/cat-saves-womans-life-hours-adopted_n_1293820.htm
Mother Nature Network. "10 remarkable animals that have saved lives."
http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/photos/10-remarkable-animals-that-have-saved-lives/pig-dashes-into-street-for
NBC news. (2007, Oct 23) "Polly wants to get the heck out of here!"
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/21443309/#.UnmzePlJN8E
Scott, Elizabeth. (2013, Oct 18) "Cortisol and Stress: How to Stay Healthy."
http://stress.about.com/od/stresshealth/a/cortisol.htm
Tan, Sara. (2013, Aug 14) "10 Celebs with the Most Rescue Pets."
http://www.pawnation.com/2013/08/14/10-celebs-with-the-most-rescue-pets/2
The BarkPost. (2013, Jun 3) "21 Facts About Dogs That Will Blow Your Mind."
http://thebarkpost.com/fascinating-facts-about-dogs/
Van’t Haaff, Corey. "Faith: An amazing two-legged dog provides hope and inspiration."
http://moderndogmagazine.com/articles/faith/752
WebMD. (2012, Jul 20) "27 Ways Pets Can Improve Your Health."
http://pets.webmd.com/ss/slideshow-pets-improve-your-health
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. "Guide Horse."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_horse
Teeny Tiny Friends
Photo Credits
cc licensed flickr photo by NIAID (2011, Apr 12)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/niaid/5614218718/
cc licensed flickr photo by NIAID (2010, Nov 5)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/niaid/5149398656/
Public domain image by Rob Weyant. (1998)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leptospira_scanning_micrograph.jpg
cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Germany license by Frank Fox. (2011, May 20)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mikrofoto.de-Closterium_5.jpg
cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.1 Unported license (2010, Jan 30)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyanidium_O5A.jpg
cc Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license (2007, Aug 9)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrodictyon_reticulatum.jpg
cc licensed flickr photo by Thowra_uk (2007, Nov 25)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/83378815@N00/2081428662/
cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Robertson, D. Gordon E. (2006 Dec 25)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoffman%27s_Two-toed_Sloth,_Monteverde.jpg
cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Andrea Echeverria (2012, Oct 27)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gusano_luciernaga.png
Public domain image by Marsh Youngbluth:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bathocyroe_fosteri.jpg
Public domain image by A. Brauer (1906)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Humpback_anglerfish.png
cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Hans Hillewaert (2007, Mar 13)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sepiola_atlantica.jpg
Video Credits
Bassler, Bonnie. (2009, Apr) "Bonnie Bassler: How bacteria ‘talk.’"
http://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate.html
BBC. (2002, Apr 18) "One Weird Nature: Moths and Sloths"
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00xxmcy
Research Credits
ACH Food Companies Inc. (2011) "What is Yeast?"
http://www.breadworldcanada.com/sciencehistory/science.asp
Coleman, Ruth. (2013, Aug 16) "List of Beneficial Bacteria for Humans."
http://www.livestrong.com/article/355815-list-of-beneficial-bacteria-for-humans/
DiPardo, Robert. "List of Good Bacteria."
http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/list-good-bacteria-7771.html
Ellis-Christensen, Tricia. (2014, Jan 12) "Why Does Yeast Make Bread Rise?"
http://www.wisegeek.org/why-does-yeast-make-bread-rise.htm
How Stuff Works. "Algae."
http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/cellular-microscopic/algae-info.htm
Humphries, Courtney. (2009, Apr 14) "The Deep Symbiosis between Bacteria and their Human Hosts is Forcing Scientists to Ask: Are We Organisms or Living Ecosystems?"
http://thehealthmuseum.org/planetyou/docs/SEED_article.pdf
John P. McGovern Museum of Health & Medical Science. "Planet You."
http://thehealthmuseum.org/planetyou/docs/PY_Skin_Education%20Poster_18x24.pdf
MicrobeWiki Contributors. "Deep Sea Fish."
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Deep_sea_fish
National Geographic Education. "Bioluminescence."
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/bioluminescence/?ar_a=1
Nordqvist, Christian. (2009, Jul 17). "What is Bacteria? What are Bacteria?"
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/157973.php
Park, Alice. (2013, Feb 28) "Zit Zapper: How (Good) Bacteria Could Be the Answer to Clear Skin."
http://healthland.time.com/2013/02/28/zit-zapper-how-good-bacteria-could-be-the-answer-to-clear-skin/
Planet Green. "Ecology and the Environment: What are Algae?"
http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/what-are-algae
Wageningen University. (2013, May 13) "What is yeast and how is it made?
http://www.food-info.net/uk/qa/qa-wi8.htm
Wanjek, Christopher. (2012, Jun 13) "10,000 Microbes Cornered in Map of Human Body."
http://www.livescience.com/20929-microbes-healthy-humans-microbiome.html
Animals that help Plants make Seeds
Photo Credits
Public domain image by Papiano (2007, Jan 21)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drawn_like_a_Moth_to_a_flower.jpg
cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Kristian Peters (2006, Jul 4)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arum_maculatum.jpeg
cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Joe Schneid (2006, Jun 30)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RubyThroatedHummingbird(Crop).jpg
cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Dave Kennard (2013, Jun 11)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yellow_Day_lily_(Hemerocallis_lilioasphodelus)_spectral_comparison_Vis_UV_IR.jpg
cc licensed flickr photo by Liga Eglite (2013, Jun 22)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/90673730@N04/9226273764/
cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Orchi (1988, Jun)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ophrys_insectifera_Saarland_05.jpg
cc licensed photo by Lothar Grunz (2005, Oct 20)
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Amorphophallus_Wilhelma.jpg
cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Carsten Niehaus (2004, Mar)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ophrys_speculum_d.JPG
cc licensed flickr photo by opacity (2013, Feb 10)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/opacity/8483712629/sizes/h/in/photostream/
cc Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license by Glyn Baker (2009, May 2)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Green_Winged_Orchid_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1282598.jpg
Photos with permission by Whole Foods Market®
http://media.wholefoodsmarket.com/news/bees
Video Credits
Drori, Jonathan. (2011, Jul 6) "Jonathan Drori: The beautiful tricks of flowers."
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmVZ8zXJO48\
National Geographic (2012, Jun 5) "Untamed Americas: Tube-Lipped Nectar Bat."
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clvXhAXRIfc
Than, Ker. (2012, Jun 11) "Super-Tongue Bat Caught on Camera
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/06/120611-bat-tongue-video-untamed-americas-science-longest/#close-modal
Research Credits
Barrett, Spencer C. (1987, Sep) "Mimicry in Plants."
http://labs.eeb.utoronto.ca/barrett/pdf/schb_54.pdf
Georgia Tech Research Institute. "Riding with Sharks: Researchers Study Adhesion System of Remora Fish to Create Bio-Inspired Adhesive."
http://www.gtri.gatech.edu/casestudy/GTRI-remora-adhesion-study-bio-inspired-adhesive
Gustavus Adolphus College. "Titan Arum FAQs."
https://gustavus.edu/biology/titanarum/faq.php
Houston Zoo. "Pollinator FAQ."
http://www.houstonzoo.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Pollinators.pdf
North American Pollinator Protection Campaign. "Pollinator Partnership: Fast Facts for Gardeners."
http://pollinator.org/Resources/facts.Gardeners.pdf
O’Reilly, Meredith. (2011-2012) "Pollinator Fun Facts."
http://www.beautifulwildlifegarden.com/pollinator-fun-facts.html
Rogers, Kara. (2011, Mar 23) "The Deceptive Flowers of Orchids."
http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2011/03/deceptive-flowers-orchids/
Webb, Jeffrey K., University of Georgia. "Beyond Butterflies: Gardening for Native Pollinators."
http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=7781
Whole Foods Market. (2013, Jun 14) "This is what your grocery store looks like without honeybees."
http://media.wholefoodsmarket.com/news/bees
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. "Pseudocopulation."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocopulation
Animals and Plants that Hitch a Ride
Photo Credits
cc licensed flickr photo by Lynette Schimming (2010, Aug 21)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/25980517@N03/4915013456/
cc licensed flickr photo by C Wood (2008, Sep 7
http://www.flickr.com/photos/96695238@N00/2912509636/
cc licensed flickr photo by ap (2006, Sep 29)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/94022366@N00/419474627/
cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Seascapeza (2012, Mar)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Furred_sponge_crab1.jpg
cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Albert Kok (2009, May 1)
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lemonshark.jpg
Video Credits
How Stuff Works. "Top Ten Odd Couples: Hermit Crabs and Anemone."
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/animal-planet/38994-top-ten-odd-couples-hermit-crabs-and-anemone-video.htm
Research Credits
Discovery: Curiosity. "First, Do No Harm: Symbiotic Relationship Pictures."
http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/symbiotic-relationship-pictures.htm
Ecoist. "7 Symbiotic Wonders of the Aerial World."
http://webecoist.momtastic.com/2009/03/01/symbiotic-bird-animal-relationships/
Laden, Greg. (2010, Sep 30) "Strange insect encounter: Carrio Beetle with Mites."
http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/2010/09/30/strange-insect-encounter-carri/
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. "List of symbiotic relationships."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symbiotic_relationships
Friends that Offer Protection
Photo Credits
cc Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic License by Ryan Somma (2010, Jan 20)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pseudomyrmex_ferruginea_Ryan_Somma-cropped.jpg
cc Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic License by Jenny from Taipei (2006, May 24)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocellaris_clownfish,_Flickr.jpg
cc Attribution 2.5 Generic License by Thergothon (2005, Dec 13)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mycorrhizal_root_tips_(amanita).jpg
cc Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic License by Malene Thyssen (2005, Mar 11)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grib_skov.jpg
cc licensed flickr photo by Linda Tanner (2011, Aug 18)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/goingslo/6057099151/
Video Credits
Animal Planet. "Top 10 Odd Animal Couples: Shrimp & A Goby."
http://animal.discovery.com/tv-shows/animal-planet-presents/videos/top-10-odd-animal-couples-shrimp-a-goby.htm
National Geographic. "Ants and Termites: Acacia Tree Ants."
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/animals/bugs-animals/ants-and-termites/ant_acaciatree/
Research Credits
Canisius Ambassadors for Conservation. "Anemone & Clownfish."
http://www.conservenature.org/learn_about_wildlife/great_barrier_reef/clownfish.htm
Mercola, Dr. (2013, Aug 10) "Scientists Discover That Plants Communicate via Symbiotic Root Fungi."
http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/08/10/mycorrhizae-plant-communication.aspx
Royal Horticultural Society. (2013, Nov 18) "Mycorrhizal fungi."
http://apps.rhs.org.uk/advicesearch/profile.aspx?PID=633
Buddies who help each other get food
Photo Credits
cc Attribution 2.5 Generic License by Ch’ien Lee (2010)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rattus_baluensis_visiting_Nepenthes_rajah.png
cc licensed flickr photo by NOAA Ocean Explorer (2006, Aug 10)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/oceanexplorergov/3553784909/
Public domain image by NOAA (2006, Jun 23)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sully_Main_Endeavor_Field.jpg
cc licensed flickr photo by Penn State (2011, Aug 5)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/pennstatelive/6011061853/
Photo by Michael Burton & Michiko Nitta: Algaculture (2012)
http://www.burtonnitta.co.uk/algaculture.html
cc Attribution 2.0 Generic License by Jim Maragos/US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011, Mar 27)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coral_reef_at_palmyra.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montastrea_cavernosa.jpg
cc licensed flickr photo by Richard Ling (2006, Dec 21)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/rling/438046949/
cc Attribution 2.0 Generic License by Matt Wilson/Jay Clark, NOAA (2011, Feb 2)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fish3511_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg
cc licensed flickr photo by Les Chatfield (2006, Aug 7)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/elsie/209957842/
Research Credits
Cartwright, Frances. (2012, Oct 26) "Loo for a Shrew: A Pitcher Plant with a Difference."
http://synapsebristol.blogspot.ca/2012/10/loo-for-shrew-pitcher-plant-with.html
Defenders of Wildlife. "Basic Facts About Coral Reefs."
http://www.defenders.org/coral-reef/basic-facts
Halverson, Nic. For Discovery News. (2012, Aug 13) ``Wearable `Symbiosis Suit’ Grows Food, Feeds You Algae."
http://mashable.com/2013/08/13/symbiosis-suit-algae/
Ocean World. "Coral Reef Symbiosis."
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/coral/coral3.htm
Sea and Sky. "The Sea: Creatures of the Deep Sea."
http://www.seasky.org/deep-sea/giant-tube-worm.html
Syndenham, Shirley & Thomas, Ron. (2009) "What is Coral?"
http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/coral.htm
Personal Groomers
Photo Credits
cc Attribution-Share alike 3.0 Unported, 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license by Y-zo (2008, Mar 19)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gnathiid_isopod.jpg
cc Attribution 2.0 Generic License by Laszlo Ilyes (2006, Apr 11)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elacatinus_evelynae.jpg
cc Attribution-Share alike 3.0 Unported, 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license by Brocken Inaglory (2007, Sep 21)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cleaning_station_kona.jpg
cc Attribution 2.0 Generic License by dkeats (2011, Aug 16)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red-billed_Oxpecker,_Buphagus_erythrorhynchus_on_Zebra.jpg
cc Attribution 2.0 Generic License by Eric Chan (2008, Sep 23)
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Fat_Marine_Iguana_opens_wide!.jpg
cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Krunchky (2007, Dec 27)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sally_lightfoot_crab_2a.jpg
cc Attribution 2.0 Generic License by Britta (2009, Nov 29)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Least_Sandpiper_Don_Edwards_WR_1.jpg
Public domain image by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010, Feb 10)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oryzomys_palustris_in_vegetation.jpg
Video Credits
YouTube. (2012, Feb 1) "Skunk Cleaner shrimp cleaning a Honeycomb Moray Eel - Mozambique." Uploaded by MarineKnowledgeFilms.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5ZgYygGejE
Research Credits
Grutter, Alexandra, Dr., Coral Reef Ecology Laboratory. "Cleaner Fish Do Clean!"
http://www.lexagrutter.com/cleaner%20fish%20do%20clean/cleaner%20fish%20do%20clean.htm
Ho, Leonard. (3011, Jul 12) "Just how important are Cleaner Wrasses to reef ecosystems?"
http://www.advancedaquarist.com/blog/just-how-important-are-cleaner-wrasses-to-reef-ecosystems
Krawchuk, MA et al. (1997) Canadian Field Naturalist. "Observations of a possible cleaning symbiosis between Painted Turtles, Chrysemys picta, and Snapping Turtles, Chelydra serpentine, in central Ontario."
http://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/observations-possible-cleaning-symbiosis-between-painted-turtles-chrysemys-picta-and-snappin
Symbiosis Spring 2011. "Labroides dimidiatus Common or Blue Streak Cleaner Wrasse."
http://sp11symbiosis.providence.wikispaces.net/Labroides+dimidiatus+Common+or+Blue+Streak+Cleaner+Wrasse
Weeks, Paul. (1999, Mar 6) "Red-billed oxpeckers: vampires or tickbirds?"
http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/content/11/2/154.full
