Issue: Defying Gravity

Airborne Animals

Photo Credits

cc licensed flickr photo by Clevergirl (2006, Aug 18) http://www.flickr.com/photos/clevergrrl/218317487/in/photostream/

cc Attribution 2.0 Generic license by Alan Couch (2011, Jul 30) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysopelea_paradisi_(6032067972).jpg

cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by A. Freeman (2007, May 29) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FS1.jpg

Public domain image by Unknown (2005, Dec) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pink-wing_flying_fish.jpg

cc licensed flickr photo by Valter Jacinto (2010, Jun 29) http://www.flickr.com/photos/valter/4745215779/

Research Credits

Catt, Danny. "Antarctica – Arctic Tern vs. Wandering Albatross – Which is the Winner?" http://commons.bcit.ca/catttrax2/node/460/

Hadley, Debbie. "10 Cool Facts About Butterflies: Interesting Butterfly Behaviors and Traits." http://insects.about.com/od/butterfliesmoths/a/10-facts-butterflies.htm

Hone, Dave, Dr. (2012, Nov 12) "Could pterosaurs really fly?" http://www.theguardian.com/science/lost-worlds/2012/nov/12/dinosaurs-fossils

Inman, Mason. (2010, Jan 11) "World’s Longest Migration Found – 2 X Longer Than Thought." http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/01/100111-worlds-longest-migration-arctic-tern-bird/#close-modal

Pappas, Stephanie. (2013, Apr 24) "New ‘Fairy’ Insect is Mind-Blowingly Small." http://www.livescience.com/28990-new-tiny-insect-fringed-wings.html

Phys.org. (2012, Aug 23) "Why don’t insect wings break?" http://phys.org/news/2012-08-dont-insect-wings.html

Raptor Research Foundation. "Birds and Their Feathers." http://www.raptorresearchfoundation.org/education/feather-facts

Than, Ker. (2011, Jun 6) "World’s Fastest Bird? Chubby Snipe Snaps Nonstop Record." http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110606-fastest-birds-flight-animals-migration-science/#close-modal

Than, Ker. (2011, Jun 10) "Highest Flying Bird Found; Can Scale Himalaya." http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110610-highest-flying-birds-geese-himalaya-mountains-animals/#close-modal

Walker, Matt. (2009, Jul 14) "Longest insect migration revealed." http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8149000/8149714.stm

Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. "Flying Squirrel." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_squirrel

World of Hummingbirds. "Frequently Asked Questions about Hummingbirds." http://www.worldofhummingbirds.com/faqs.php

Wright, Orville. (2012, Nov 21) "QI: Some quite interesting facts about flying things." http://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/qi/9694238/QI-Some-quite-interesting-facts-about-flying-things.html

Flying Machines

Photo Credits

Public domain image from Library of Congress, author unknown. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1783_balloonj.jpg

Public domain image from Library of Congress, author unknown. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_parachute2.jpg

Publicity photograph qualifying as fair use under U.S. copyright law. The Cayley Glider replica BAPC-89 being flown in 1985 by Derek Piggott. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cayley_Glider_Replica_Flown_By_Derek_Piggott_2.jpg

Public domain image by Peter Scherer (1900, Jul 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Zeppelin_ascent.jpg

Public domain image by Wilbur and/or Orville Wright (1903, Dec 17) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Wright_Brothers_First_Heavier-than-air_Flight_-_GPN-2002-000128.jpg

cc Attribution 2.0 Generic license by Stephen Witherden (2009, Mar 22) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westpac_Rescue_Helicopter_2009_RNZAF_Base_Whenuapai_Air_Show.jpg

cc licensed flickr photo by LotPro Cars (2012, Apr 5) http://www.flickr.com/photos/lotprocars/7048759525/

Public domain image by James Haseltine, US Air Force (2003, Sep 20) http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plik:V-22_Osprey_tiltrotor_aircraft.jpg

Public domain image by Michael Haggerty, US Air Force (1998, Jun 1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sr71_1.jpg

Public domain image by NASA (1988, Dec 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlantis_taking_off_on_STS-27.jpg

Public domain image by NASA (2003, Mar 27) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scaled_Composites_Proteus_in_flight_1.jpg

Video Credits

YouTube. (2007, Feb 25) "Early Flight (b&w, silent, 16mm) Vintage Films." Uploaded by James Banner. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMhdksPFhCM

Research Credits

Airships.net. "Airships: The Hindenberg and other Zeppelins." http://www.airships.net/dirigible

Discovery Kids. "How does a glider fly without an engine?" http://kids.discovery.com/tell-me/curiosity-corner/transportation/how-does-a-glider-fly-without-an-engine

Evansville Regional Airport. (2010) "Kid Facts." http://www.evvairport.com/Fun_Stuff/kidfacts.html

How Stuff Works. "How much fuel does an international plane use for a trip?" http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/question192.htm

Hsu, Jeremy. (2012, Jul 31) "10 Most Amazing Flying Machines Ever." http://www.space.com/16827-most-amazing-flying-machines.html

Hubbard, Amy. (2013, Oct 22) "When was the first parachute jump? 1797, when Andre Garnerin got dizzy." http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-when-was-the-first-parachute-jump-andre-jacques-garnerin-20131022,0,3916977.story#axzz2nWSXo55O

Kagan, Mya."How do airplanes fly?" http://www.whyzz.com/how-do-airplanes-fly

Malki, David. "From Airships to Jetpacks: The Best Flying Machines." http://night-bazaar.com/guest-post-david-malki-from-airships-to-jetpacks-the-best-flying-machines.html

OMG Facts. (2012, Sep 15) "15 Shocking Facts about the Airplanes you Fly In." http://www.omg-facts.com/lists/541/15-Shocking-Facts-About-The-Airplanes-You-Fly-In/10

Piquepaille, Roland. (2004, July 25) "Who Pilots NASA’s Proteus Plane?" http://radio-weblogs.com/0105910/2004/07/25.html

State of Connecticut. (2010, Feb 23) "F4U Corsair- How Do Airplanes Fly?" http://www.ct.gov/kids/cwp/view.asp?a=2731&q=330926

Wip.net (2012, Oct 8) "12 Interesting Facts About Airplanes." http://ourworldinpictures.net/cool/191-12-interesting-facts-about-airplanes.html

Ocean Creatures Under Pressure

Photo Credits

cc licensed Picasa photo by Daniele Lucinato (2009, Jul 7) https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/YyVaVGqXWTPgF1LFQMZvFQ

Public domain image by Marsh Youngbluth, NOAA (2010, Sep 1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bathocyroe_fosteri.jpg

Public domain image by Edith Widder, NOAA (1999) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photostomias2.jpg

cc licensed flickr photo by NOAA Ocean Explorer, (2013, Aug 19) http://www.flickr.com/photos/oceanexplorergov/11196063923/

Public domain image from NOAA Photo Library (2007) http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/expl1609.htm

cc Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license by Gabriel Barathieu (2012, Apr 8) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sperm_whale_pod.jpg

Research Credits

BBC: Nature Wildlife. "Deep Ocean." http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Deep_sea#intro

Bird, Jonathan. "Sperm Whales: The Deep Divers of the Ocean." http://www.oceanicresearch.org/education/wonders/spermwhales.htm

Cracked. "The Deep Ocean." http://www.cracked.com/funny-149-the-deep-ocean/

Dohrer, Elizabeth. (2012, Sep 21) "Mariana Trench: The Deepest Depths." http://www.livescience.com/23387-mariana-trench.html

MarineBio. "The Deep Sea." http://marinebio.org/oceans/deep/

National Geographic. "Deep Sea Challenge: Sub Facts." http://deepseachallenge.com/the-sub/sub-facts/

Natural History Museum. "Facts about the deep ocean." http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/earth/oceans/deep-ocean-life/ocean-facts/

Sight, Para. (2012, Mar 28) "Cool as a sea cucumber: life (and death) at extraordinary deep sea pressures." http://deepseanews.com/2012/03/cool-as-a-sea-cucumber-life-and-death-at-extraordinary-deep-sea-pressures/

Playing with Gravity

Photo Credits

cc images from WikiHow. http://www.wikihow.com/Make-High-Quality-Juggling-Balls

MISSING INFO http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skydiving_over_Cushing.jpg

Video Credits

YouTube. (2012, Dec 8) "How to Juggle 3 Balls." Uploaded by Jesse Joyner. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwbkHC5cxwI#t=214

Research Credits

Guinness World Records. "Officially Amazing." http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com

Learn How to Juggle. "Getting Started." http://learnhowtojuggle.info/getting-started/

Strickland, Jonathan. "How Juggling Works." http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/juggling8.htm

WikiHow. "How to Make High Quality Juggling Balls." http://www.wikihow.com/Make-High-Quality-Juggling-Balls

Plants that Defy Gravity

Photo Credits

cc licensed photo by costaricatroubadour (2013, Apr 16) http://www.flickr.com/photos/costaricatroubadour/8654506259/sizes/n/

cc Attribution 2.0 Generic license by Scott Zona (2011, Apr 13) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alsomitra_macrocarpa_seed_(syn._Zanonia_macrocarpa).jpg

cc licensed flickr photo by Fotos By Dee (2007, Apr 10) http://www.flickr.com/photos/35138549@N00/454787463/

cc licensed flickr photo by zenia (2011, Oct 8) http://www.flickr.com/photos/zenia/6228800630/

Research Credits

Aker, Andrea. (2010, Jul 16) "Why Don’t Plam Trees Blow Down in the Wind?" http://arizonaoddities.com/2010/07/why-dont-palm-trees-blow-down-in-the-wind/

Armstrong, W.P. "Blowing in the Wind: Seeds & Fruits Dispersed by Wind." http://waynesword.palomar.edu/plfeb99.htm

Boundless. "Plant Responses to Gravity." https://www.boundless.com/biology/response-to-external-stimuli-in-plants/plant-responses-to-stimuli-other-than-light/plant-responses-to-gravity/

Cain, Michael L., et al. (2000, Feb 21) "Long-distance seed dispersal in plant populations." http://www.amjbot.org/content/87/9/1217.full

Evans, Erv, NC State University. "Tree Facts." http://www.ncsu.edu/project/treesofstrength/treefact.htm

Garner, LariAnn. (2008, Jun 18) "Survivors! Trees and plants that will remain after the storm passes." http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/1268/#b

Thompson, Don. (2002, Sep 1) "Redwoods Siphon Water From the Top and Bottom." http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/01/news/adme-redwoods1

United Nations Environment Programme. "Interesting Tree Facts." http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=445&ArticleID=4852&l=en

Buildings that Stand Up to Gravity

Photo Credits

cc Attribution 2.0 Generic license by Leandro Neumann Ciuffo (2009, Nov 13) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Dubai_(4128599775).jpg

cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Jurgen Matern (2012, May 1) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skyscraper_of_European_Central_Bank_on_first_of_May_2012_seen_from_south-west.jpg

cc Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license by Eric Sala & Tania Garcia (2006, Aug 30) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3d10_fm_de_vilafranca.jpg

cc licensed flickr photo by magro_kr (2007, Mar 24) http://www.flickr.com/photos/iks_berto/906345975/sizes/l/

cc licensed flickr photo by Dom Dada (2006, Dec 27) http://www.flickr.com/photos/ogil/338354430/

cc licensed flickr photo by Robert Scales (2008, Aug 15) http://www.flickr.com/photos/raincitystudios/2797326708/

cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Wladyslaw (2008, Sep 15) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montreal_-_QC_-_Habitat67.jpg

cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, 2.5 Generic, and 1.0 Generic license (2009, Dec 31) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dom_do_g%C3%B3ry_nogami_z_Miko%C5%82ajami_31.12.09_p.jpg

cc licensed flickr photo by jthornett (2009, Mar 14) http://www.flickr.com/photos/apenguincalledelvis/3708299768/

cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Yogi de (2003, Dec 26) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puzzling_World,_New_Zealand.jpg

Research Credits

Canada Lands Company. "CN Tower: Facts at a Glance." http://www.cntower.ca/site_Files/Content/PDF/Facts_at_a_Glance_2013.pdf

Glass, Don. (2007, Jun 11) "Why Windy Cities Don’t Fall Down." http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/why-windy-cities-dont-fall-down/

Harris, Tom. "How Skyscrapers Work." http://architecture.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=architecture&cdn=homegarden&tm=6&f=20&tt=14&bt=2&bts=25&zu=http%3A//science.howstuffworks.com/skyscraper.htm/printable

My Blog City. (2011, July 21) "20 Interesting Facts on Supertall Skyskrapers." http://vincentloy.wordpress.com/2011/07/21/20-interesting-facts-on-supertall-skyscrapers/

Science Kids. "Engineering Facts: Building Facts." http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/engineering/buildings.html

Strange Buildings. "Strange Buildings from Around the World for the Lovers of Unusual Architecture." http://www.strangebuildings.com/the-crooked-house-sopot-poland/

Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. "List of the oldest buildings in the world." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_buildings_in_the_world

Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. "Puzzling World." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzling_World

Escaping Earth's Gravity

Photo Credits

Public domain image by NASA (2011, Oct 22) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg

cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by Luc Viatour (2006, Oct 7) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour.jpg

Public domain image by NASA (1979) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jupiter.jpg

Public domain image by NASA http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Debris-LEO1280.jpg

Public domain image by NASA (2009, Sep 21) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:STS-118_debris_entry.jpg

Public domain image by NASA (2006, Feb 9) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GPS_Satellite_NASA_art-iif.jpg

Public domain image by NASA (2006, Mar 18) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hypervelocity_Impact_Demonstration.jpg

cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, 2.5, 2.0 and 1.0 Generic license by Adam Kliczek (2010, Oct 15) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anti-G_Suit_MSF830.jpg

Public domain image by NASA (1973, Jun 1) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skylab_2_Conrad_in_shower.jpg

Public domain image by NASA (2003) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISSSpaceFoodOnATray.jpg

Public domain image by NASA (2009, May 18) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Megan_McArthur_in_her_sleeping_bag.jpg

cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license (2001, Aug 23) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_toilet_01.JPG

cc Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license by RadioFan (2009, Jun 20) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Space_shuttle_eating_tray.jpg

Video Credits

YouTube. (2013, Mar 31) "Chris Hadfield Brushes his Teeth in Space." Uploaded by Canadian Space Agency. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bCoGC532p8

Research Credits

Encyclopedia.com. "Space Shuttle." http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/space_shuttle.aspx

Fogonazos. (2007, Nov 21) "Top 10 Coolest Facts about Space Missions." http://www.fogonazos.es/2007/11/top-10-coolest-facts-about-space.html

Freudenrich, Craig, PH D. "How Space Shuttles Work." http://science.howstuffworks.com/space-shuttle1.htm

GForces.net. (2010) "Some Typical Examples of G Forces" http://www.gforces.net/a-discussion-on-typical-examples.html

Kramer, Miriam. (2013, Apr 18) "The Human Body in Space: 6 Weird Facts." http://www.space.com/20730-human-body-spaceflight-weird-facts.html

NASA. "Kennedy Space Centre: Frequently Asked Questions." http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/information/shuttle_faq.html#12

Pereyra, Maria (1999) "The Physics Factbook: Speed of a Bullet." http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/MariaPereyra.shtml

Space Environment. "What is Escape Velocity?" http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/space-environment/2-whats-escape-velocity.html

Tate, Karl. (2013, Oct 1) "Space Junk Explained: How Orbital Debris Threatens Future of Spaceflight." http://space.com/23039-space-junk-explained-orbital-debris-infographic.html

Watson, Stephanie. "How does going to the bathroom in space work?" http://science.howstuffworks.com/bathroom-in-space1.htm